President Vladimir Putin has announced a series of plans to increase the number of children being born in Russia from an average birth rate of under 1.5 per woman to 1.7 within four years.
Last year he promised tax breaks for bigger families.
On Wednesday he told parliament "the birth rate is falling again" before pledging state funding for new mothers.
"Maternity capital" has until now only been paid to families with at least two children.
Welfare benefits will also be paid for children aged three to seven in low-income families, and free school meals will be provided for the first four years of school.
Why birth rate is a problem beyond Russia
Several Eastern European states are struggling with a declining birth rate. Only last week, Hungary's right-wing nationalist Prime Minister, Viktor Orban, announced plans for free fertility treatment to couples as well as possible income tax exemptions for mothers with three or more children.
Mothers with four children already have some tax breaks in Russia, a country that has a birth rate of 1.48. The EU average is 1.59 births per woman and several states including Spain, Italy, Greece and Malta are well below the Russian figure.
Russia's population has struggled to recover from a dramatic decline in the 1990s, to the point that Mr Putin said by 1999 the birth rate had fallen to 1.16, lower even than during World War Two.
It has picked up in recent years and, although the population is currently 147 million, the Russian leader spoke of a "very difficult demographic period" in which the children of the 1990s were now themselves giving birth.
"Russia's fate and its historical outlook depends on how many of us there are," he said.
Source: BBC
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